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In this study, boron-doped cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (B-doped CdS NPs) with varying boron concentrations were synthesized by a hydrothermal method for evaluation as potential anticancer agents. The effects of boron doping on the structural, thermal and physicochemical properties of CdS NPs were characterized comprehen-sively. X-ray diffraction confirmed a hexagonal crystal structure for all B-doped samples. Scanning electron microscopy showed particles in the 30-90 nm range that aggregated into petal-like morphologies. Thermogra-vimetric analysis and zeta-potential measurements indicated improved colloidal/thermal stability after doping: total mass loss observed in TGA was substantially reduced, and the surface potential magnitude increased from approximately 18.9 mV to 30 mV. Cytotoxicity was assessed by exposing normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and two cancer cell lines (MCF-7 breast and A549 lung) to the B-doped CdS NPs. IC50 values demonstrate dose-dependent cytotoxic effects that are substantially stronger in cancer cells than in normal cells, with anti-cancer activity increasing with higher boron doping levels. These results indicate that B-doped CdS NPs warrant further investigation as selectively active nanoparticles for biomedical applications.